N. Baertsch-ritter, A. S. Prevot, J. Dommen, S. Andreani-aksoyoglu, and J. Keller, Model study with UAM-V in the Milan area (I) during PIPAPO: simulations with changed emissions compared to ground and airborne measurements, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.29, pp.4133-4147, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00508-9

N. Baertsch-ritter, J. Keller, J. Dommen, and A. S. Prevot, Effects of various meteorological conditions and spatial emissionresolutions on the ozone concentration and ROG/NO<sub>x</sub> limitationin the Milan area (I), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.423-438, 2004.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-4-423-2004

M. Barna and B. Lamb, Improving ozone modeling in regions of complex terrain using observational nudging in a prognostic meteorological model, Atmospheric Environment, vol.34, issue.28, pp.4889-4906, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00231-4

B. Bessagnet, A. Hodzic, R. Vautard, M. Beekman, S. Cheinet et al., Aerosol modeling with CHIMERE???preliminary evaluation at the continental scale, Atmospheric Environment, vol.38, issue.18, pp.2803-2817, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.034

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00518777

A. C. Carvalho, A. Carvalho, I. Gelpi, M. Barreiro, C. Borrego et al., Influence of topography and land use on pollutants dispersion in the Atlantic coast of Iberian Peninsula, Atmospheric Environment, vol.40, issue.21, pp.3969-3982, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.014

F. Chen and J. Dudhia, Coupling an Advanced Land Surface???Hydrology Model with the Penn State???NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity, Monthly Weather Review, vol.129, issue.4, pp.569-585, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2

P. Colella and P. R. Woodward, The Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) for gas-dynamical simulations, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.54, issue.1, pp.174-201, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9991(84)90143-8

C. Cuvelier, P. Thunis, R. Vautard, M. Amann, B. Bessagnet et al., CityDelta: A model intercomparison study to explore the impact of emission reductions in European cities in 2010, Atmospheric Environment, vol.41, issue.1, pp.189-207, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.036

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963054

D. Meij, A. Krol, M. Dentener, F. Vignati, E. Cuvelier et al., The sensitivity of aerosol in Europe to two different emission inventories and temporal distribution of emissions, Atmos . Chem. Phys, vol.64287, pp.4287-4309, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296034

D. Meij, A. Wagner, S. Gobron, N. Thunis, P. Cuvelier et al., Model evaluation and scale issues in chemical and optical aerosol properties over the greater Milan area (Italy), for June 2001, Atmospheric Research, vol.85, issue.2, pp.243-267, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.02.001

C. Derognat, M. Beekmann, M. Baeumle, D. Martin, and H. Schmidt, Effect of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions on tropospheric chemistry during the Atmospheric Pollution Over the Paris Area (ESQUIF) campaign in the Ile-de-France region, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.27, issue.D17, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001421

A. Dosio, S. Galmarini, and G. Graziani, Simulation of the circulation and related photochemical ozone dispersion in the Po plains (northern Italy): Comparison with the observations of a measuring campaign, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.81, issue.D22, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000046

J. Dudhia, Numerical Study of Convection Observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment Using a Mesoscale Two-Dimensional Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.46, issue.20, pp.3077-3107, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2

J. Dudhia, A multi-layer soil temperature model For MM5. Preprints, The 6th PSU/NCAR Mesocale Model MM5 Users Workshop, 1996.

R. C. Easter and L. K. Peters, Binary Homogeneous Nucleation: Temperature and Relative Humidity Fluctuations, Nonlinearity, and Aspects of New Particle Production in the Atmosphere, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.33, issue.7, pp.775-784, 1994.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0775:BHNTAR>2.0.CO;2

P. Ginoux, M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. M. Prospero, B. Holben et al., Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.50, issue.1, pp.20255-20273, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000053

P. Ginoux, J. M. Prospero, O. Torres, C. , and M. , Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.19, issue.2, pp.113-128, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1364-8152(03)00114-2

M. Goeber and S. Milton, On the use of radar data to verify Mesoscale Model precipitation forecasts, Report of the SRNWP workshop on mesoscale verification, pp.18-27, 2001.

G. A. Grell, J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, A description of the fifth-generation Penn State, NCAR mesoscale model (MM5), NCAR Tech. Note TN-398+STR, 122 pp, 1994.

D. Grosjean and J. H. Seinfeld, Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.23, issue.8, pp.1733-1747, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90058-9

W. Guelle, Y. J. Balkanski, J. E. Dibb, M. Schulz, and F. Dulac, Pb vertical profiles, surface concentrations, and deposition, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.93, issue.1, pp.28875-28891, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD01826

P. J. Guerrero, O. Jorba, J. M. Baldasano, and S. Gasso, The use of a modelling system as a tool for air quality management: Annual high-resolution simulations and evaluation, Science of The Total Environment, vol.390, issue.2-3, pp.323-340, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.025

J. M. Haywood and V. Ramaswamy, Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.15, issue.D6, pp.6043-6058, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD03426

S. Y. Hong and H. L. Pan, Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model, Monthly Weather Review, vol.124, issue.10, pp.2322-2339, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2322:NBLVDI>2.0.CO;2

S. Hong, Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes, Monthly Weather Review, vol.134, issue.9, pp.2318-2341, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/MWR3199.1

S. Y. Hong and J. O. Lim, The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6, J. Korean Meteor. Soc, vol.42, pp.129-151, 2006.

S. Y. Hong, Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes, Monthly Weather Review, vol.134, issue.9, pp.2318-2341, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/MWR3199.1

M. Hongisto, Uncertainties in the meteorological input of the chemistry-transport models and some examples of their consequences, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol.24, issue.1/2/3/4, pp.127-153, 2005.
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2005.007390

L. W. Horowitz, S. Walters, D. L. Mauzerall, L. K. Emmons, P. J. Rasch et al., A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: description and evaluation of MOZART, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.2D24, p.478410, 1029.

O. Hov, F. Stordal, and A. Eliassen, Photochemical oxidant control strategies in Europe: a 19 days case study using a Lagrangian model with chemistry, 1985.

A. Jeuken, Evaluation of chemistry and climate models using measurements and data assimilation, 2000.

P. Kasibhatla, W. L. Chameides, J. , and J. S. , A threedimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, J

Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, and O. Boucher, A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, vol.102, issue.6903, pp.215-223, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0383:CSOARO>2.0.CO;2

A. P. Kesarkar, M. Dalvi, A. Kaginalkar, and A. Ojha, Coupling of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with AERMOD for pollutant dispersion modeling. A case study for PM 10 dispersion over Pune, Atmospheric Environment, vol.41, 1976.

M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, and L. Pirjola, Parameterizations for sulfuric acid/water nucleation rates, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.94, issue.D7, pp.8301-8307, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD03718

M. Lattuati, ContributionàContribution`Contributionà l'´ etude du bilan de l'ozone tro- posphériquè a l'interface de l'Europe et de l'Atlantique Nord: modélisation lagrangienne et mesures en altitude, Thèse de sciences, 1997.

V. A. Lanz, M. Rami-alfarra, U. Baltensperger, B. Buchmann, C. Hueglin et al., Source Attribution of Submicron Organic Aerosols during Wintertime Inversions by Advanced Factor Analysis of Aerosol Mass Spectra, Source Attribution of Submicron Organic Aerosols during Wintertime Inversions by Advanced Factor Analysis of Aerosol Mass Spectra, pp.214-220, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/es0707207

M. Loon-van, M. Roemer, and P. Builtjes, Model intercomparison in the framework of the review of the Unified EMEP model, 2004.

S. Madronich and S. Flocke, The Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry, Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, pp.1-26, 1998.

G. Maffeis, Establishment of a yearly gas-PM emission inventory in the great Milan area, TerrAria s.r.l., contract no, FISC ISP IT, 2002.

L. Menut, I. Coll, C. , and S. , Impact of meteorological data resolution on the forecasted ozone concentrations during the ES- COMPTE IOP 2a and 2b, Atmos. Res. ? ESCOMPTE Special Issue, vol.74, pp.139-159, 2005.

S. A. Michelson and J. Bao, Comparison of two meteorological community models for air-quality applications, 14th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the Air and Waste Management Association, 2006.

E. Minguzzi, M. Bedogni, C. Carnevale, and G. Pirovano, Sensitivity of CTM simulations to meteorological input, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol.24, issue.1/2/3/4, pp.36-50, 2005.
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2005.007383

E. J. Mlawer, S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.52, issue.D14, pp.16663-16682, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD00237

H. Moshammer and M. Neuberger, The active surface of suspended particles as a predictor of lung function and pulmonary symptoms in Austrian school children, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.13, pp.1737-1744, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00073-6

H. Moshammer and M. Neuberger, The active surface of suspended particles as a predictor of lung function and pulmonary symptoms in Austrian school children, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.13, pp.1737-1744, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00073-6

M. C. Moucheron and J. Milford, Development and Testing of a Process Model for Secondary Organic Aerosols, Air and Waste Management Association, 1996.

A. Nenes, C. Pilinis, and S. N. Pandis, ISORROPIA: a new thermodynamic model for inorganic multicomponent atmospheric www.atmos-chem-phys, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.9, issue.6611, pp.6611-6632, 2009.

A. De-meij, Study aerosol with two meteorological models (MM5 and WRF) aerosols, Aquatic Geochemistry, pp.123-152, 1998.

J. R. Odum, T. Hoffmann, F. Bowman, D. Collins, R. C. Flagan et al., Gas/Particle Partitioning and Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.30, issue.8, pp.2580-2585, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/es950943+

J. R. Odum, T. P. Jungkamp, R. J. Griffin, R. C. Flagan, and J. H. Seinfeld, The Atmospheric Aerosol-Forming Potential of Whole Gasoline Vapor, Science, vol.276, issue.5309, pp.96-99, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5309.96

S. N. Pandis and J. H. Seinfeld, Sensitivity analysis of a chemical mechanism for aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.7, issue.D1, pp.1105-1126, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/JD094iD01p01105

J. F. Pankow, An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment, vol.28, issue.2, pp.185-188, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90093-0

J. F. Pankow, J. H. Seinfeld, W. E. Asher, E. , and G. B. , -Carene/, and Cyclohexene/Ozone Systems, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.35, issue.6, pp.1164-1172, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/es001321d

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00608259

J. E. Penner, C. C. Chuang, and K. Grant, Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.12, pp.839-851, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050259

URL : http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42186/1/382-14-12-839_80140839.pdf

G. Pirovano, I. Coll, M. Bedogni, S. Alessandrini, M. P. Costa et al., On the influence of meteorological input on photochemical modelling of a severe episode over a coastal area, Atmospheric Environment, vol.41, issue.30, pp.6445-6464, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.011

M. Schaap, On the importance of aerosol nitrate in Europe , Data analysis and modelling, pp.2003-1209, 2003.

M. Schaap, M. Van-loon, H. M. Ten-brink, F. J. Dentener, and P. J. Builtjes, Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.4, issue.3, pp.857-874, 2004.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-4-857-2004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295447

M. Schaap, H. A. Denier-van-der-gon, A. J. Visschedijk, M. Van-loon, H. M. Ten-brink et al., Anthropogenic black carbon and fine aerosol distribution over Europe, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.22, issue.D24, p.1820110, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD004330

URL : http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC28851

M. Schaap, R. Vautard, R. Bergström, M. Van-loon, B. Bessagnet et al., Evaluation of long term aerosol simulations from seven regional air quality models and their ensemble in the EURODELTA study, Atmos. Environ, vol.41, pp.2083-2097, 2007.

B. Schell, I. J. Ackermann, H. Hass, F. S. Binkowski, and A. Ebel, Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality model system, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.30, issue.D22, pp.28275-28293, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD000384

H. Schmidt, C. Derognat, R. Vautard, and M. Beekmann, A comparison of simulated and observed ozone mixing ratios for the summer of 1998 in Western Europe, Atmospheric Environment, vol.35, issue.36, pp.6277-6297, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00451-4

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 1998.

D. B. Stephenson, Use of the ???Odds Ratio??? for Diagnosing Forecast Skill, Weather and Forecasting, vol.15, issue.2, pp.221-232, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0221:UOTORF>2.0.CO;2

R. Stern, P. Builtjes, M. Schaap, R. Timmermans, R. Vautard et al., A model inter-comparison study focussing on episodes with elevated PM 10 concentrations, Atmos. Environ, issue.19, pp.42-4567, 2008.

R. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8

S. Soong, P. T. Martien, C. L. Archer, S. Tanrikulu, J. M. Wilczak et al., Comparison of WRF/CAMx and MM5/CAMx simulations for an ozone episode in California, Eighth Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry, p.29, 2006.

K. E. Taylor, Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.78, issue.D7, pp.7183-7192, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900719

P. Thunis, L. Rouil, C. Cuvelier, B. Bessagnet, P. Builtjes et al., Analysis of large and fine scale model responss to emission-reduction scenarios within the CityDelta project, Atmos. Environ, issue.10, pp.41-2083, 2007.

I. Troen and L. Mahrt, A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; sensitivity to surface evaporation, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.105, issue.1-2, pp.129-148, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00122760

S. Tsyro, First estimates of the effect of aerosol dynamics in the calculation of PM 10 and PM 2, EMEP Report, vol.5, 2002.

R. Vautard, P. Builtjes, P. Thunis, K. Cuvelier, M. Bedogni et al., Evaluation and intercomparison of Ozone and PM10 simulations by several chemistry transport models over four European cities within the CityDelta project, Atmospheric Environment, vol.41, issue.1, pp.173-188, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.039

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963052

M. L. Wesely, Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.23, issue.6, pp.1293-1304, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4

J. J. West, C. Pilinis, A. Nenes, and S. N. Pandis, Marginal direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols, Atmospheric Environment, vol.32, issue.14-15, pp.2531-2542, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00003-X

S. Zhong, H. In, and C. Clements, Impact of turbulence, land surface, and radiation parameterizations on simulated boundary layer properties in a coastal environment, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.131, issue.D13, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD008274