S. Agency, W. Marine, and . Management, Gullbergs Strandgata 15, Göteborg 404 39, Sweden. 2 Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, ISS-Italian Institute of Health, p.161

I. Rome, Masaryk Water Research Institute Rue Jacques Taffanel, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France. 6 Baltic Eye, Östersjöcentrum, Stockholms Universitet, SE-106 91, Universitetsvägen 10 A, Stockholms, Sweden. 7 Federal Institute of Hydrology The Netherlands. 9 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720, Postbus 1BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 10 EPA, ISPRA -Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Brancati 48 12 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Naturvårdsverket, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden. 13 University of, pp.405-435, 2582.

S. Dübendorf, 17 Defra, Area 3D, Nobel House, Smith Square Eurometaux, Avenue de Broqueville 12, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium. 20 DG Environment -European Commission, Avenue de Beaulieu 9, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. 21 DG Joint Research Centre -European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749 Department of Ecosystem Analysis, pp.22-52074

G. Aachen, 23 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. 24 Thünen-Institut of Fisheries-Ecology

, References

E. Union, Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, EC of the European Parliament Off J Eur Union, vol.60, issue.327, pp.1-73, 2000.

, European Union. 2013, Off J Eur Union, vol.226, pp.1-17, 2013.

, European Union: communication from the commission to the council. The combination effects of chemicals, COM, vol.31, issue.05, pp.1-10, 2012.

E. Silva, N. Rajapakse, and A. Kortenkamp, Something from ???Nothing??? ??? Eight Weak Estrogenic Chemicals Combined at Concentrations below NOECs Produce Significant Mixture Effects, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.36, issue.8, pp.1751-1757, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/es0101227

P. Quevauviller, M. Carere, and S. Polesello, Chemical monitoring activity for the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol.36, pp.1-184, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trac.2012.04.007

A. Wernersson, C. Maggi, and M. Carere, Technical report on aquatic effect-based monitoring tools, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-01862522

A. Hallare, T. Seiler, and H. Hollert, The versatile, changing, and advancing roles of fish in sediment toxicity assessment???a review, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.80, issue.4, pp.141-73, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.12.004

N. Green, M. Schøyen, S. Øxnevad, A. Ruus, T. Høgåsen et al., Hazardous substances in fjords and coastal waters -2010. Levels, trends and effects. Long-term monitoring of environmental quality in Norwegian coastal waters. Norwegian State Pollution Monitoring Programme Report no, 2011.

D. Chapman and J. Jackson, Biological monitoring In Water Quality Monitoring -A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes. Edited by Jamie Bartram and Richard Balance Published on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization, p.419217304, 1996.

R. Connon, J. Geist, and I. Werner, Effect-Based Tools for Monitoring and Predicting the Ecotoxicological Effects of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment, Sensors, vol.71, issue.9, pp.12741-71, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.052

F. Leusch, D. Jager, C. Levi, Y. Lim, R. Puijker et al., Comparison of Five in Vitro Bioassays to Measure Estrogenic Activity in Environmental Waters, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.44, issue.10, pp.3853-60, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/es903899d

A. Wernersson, Swedish monitoring of hazardous substances in the aquatic environment-current vs required monitoring and potential developments. Länsstyrelsen I Västra Götalands län, p.23, 2012.

F. Piva, F. Ciaprini, F. Onorati, M. Benedetti, D. Fattorini et al., Assessing sediment hazard through a weight of evidence approach with bioindicator organisms: A practical model to elaborate data from sediment chemistry, bioavailability, biomarkers and ecotoxicological bioassays, Chemosphere, vol.83, issue.4, pp.2011475-85, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.064

W. Ahlf and S. Heise, Sediment Toxicity Assessment: Rationale for effect classes (5 pp), Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.5, issue.1, pp.16-20, 2005.
DOI : 10.1065/jss2005.01.127

W. Sanchez and J. Porcher, Fish biomarkers for environmental monitoring within the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol.28, issue.2, pp.150-158, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.012

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00961936

P. Usseglio-polatera, M. Bournaud, P. Richoux, and H. Tachet, Biological and ecological traits of benthic freshwater macroinvertebrates: relationships and definition of groups with similar traits, Freshwater Biology, vol.58, issue.2, pp.175-205, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845

P. Van-den-brink, A. Alexander, M. Desrosiers, W. Goedkoop, P. Goethals et al., Traits-based approaches in bioassessment and ecological risk assessment: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, vol.67, issue.2, pp.198-208, 2011.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1083:AROTII]2.0.CO;2

R. Schäfer, V. Ohe, P. Rasmussen, J. Kefford, B. Beketov et al., Thresholds for the Effects of Pesticides on Invertebrate Communities and Leaf Breakdown in Stream Ecosystems, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.46, issue.9, pp.5134-5176, 2012.
DOI : 10.1021/es2039882

H. Blanck and S. Wängberg, Induced Community Tolerance in Marine Periphyton established under Arsenate Stress, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1816-1825, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0143-1471(82)90155-6

S. Pesce, S. Lissalde, D. Lavieille, C. Margoum, N. Mazzella et al., Evaluation of single and joint toxic effects of diuron and its main metabolites on natural phototrophic biofilms using a pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.99, issue.4, pp.492-501, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.06.006

R. Burgess, K. Ho, W. Brack, and M. Lamoree, Effects-directed analysis (EDA) and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE): Complementary but different approaches for diagnosing causes of environmental toxicity, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.19, issue.9, pp.1935-1980, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10646-010-0511-2

W. Brack, Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.377, issue.3, pp.397-407, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00216-003-2139-z

L. Gunnarsson, E. Kristiansson, and D. Larsson, Environmental comparative pharmacology: theory and application Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment:Current and Future Perspectives, Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology, vol.4, 2012.

T. Kosmehl, J. Otte, L. Yang, J. Legradi, K. Bluhm et al., A combined DNA-microarray and mechanism-specific toxicity approach with zebrafish embryos to investigate the pollution of river sediments, Reproductive Toxicology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.245-53, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.01.005

Z. Wang, M. Gerstein, and M. Snyder, RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.328, issue.1, pp.57-63, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nrg2484

C. Riesenfeld, P. Schloss, and J. Handelsman, Metagenomics: Genomic Analysis of Microbial Communities, Annual Review of Genetics, vol.38, issue.1, pp.525-52, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091216

N. Anderson and N. Anderson, Proteome and proteomics: New technologies, new concepts, and new words, Electrophoresis, vol.275, issue.11, pp.1853-61, 1998.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3210265

L. Samuelsson, L. Förlin, G. Karlsson, M. Adolfsson-erici, and J. Larsson, Using NMR metabolomics to identify responses of an environmental estrogen in blood plasma of fish, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.78, issue.4, pp.341-350, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.04.008

R. Kase, H. Clayton, and F. Martini, Science-Policy Interface (SPI) activity on prioritisation of research needs, knowledge availability and dissemination for the Working Group E (Chemical Aspects) 2010?2012. Open available at CIRCABC at: https://circabc.europa, pp.5-63