M. D. Atkinson, Betula Pendula Roth (B. Verrucosa Ehrh.) and B. Pubescens Ehrh., The Journal of Ecology, vol.80, issue.4, pp.837-870, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2260870

A. Baklanov and J. H. Sorensen, Parameterisation of radionuclide deposition in atmospheric long-range transport modelling, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, vol.26, issue.10, pp.787-799, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00087-9

I. J. Bassett, C. W. Crompton, and J. A. Parmelee, An Atlas of Airborne Pollen Fungus Spores of Canada, 1978.

P. Bechtold, E. Bazile, F. Guichard, P. Mascart, R. et al., A mass-flux convection scheme for regional and global models, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.43, issue.573, pp.869-886, 2001.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1996.t01-1-00006.x

J. Belmonte, M. Vendrell, J. Roure, J. Vidal, J. Botey et al., Levels of Ambrosia pollen in the atmospheric spectra of Catalan aerobiological stations, pp.93-99, 2000.

A. Bott, A Positive Definite Advection Scheme Obtained by Nonlinear Renormalization of the Advective Fluxes, Monthly Weather Review, vol.117, issue.5, pp.1006-1016, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1006:APDASO>2.0.CO;2

P. Bousquet, S. Chinn, C. Janson, M. Kogevinas, P. Burney et al., Geographical variation in the prevalence of positive skin tests to environmental aeroallergens in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey I, Allergy, vol.91, issue.3, pp.301-309, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04652.x

E. Bucher and V. Kofler, Pollen Atlas at: https://www.polleninfo. org/FI/fi/allergy-infos/aerobiologics/pollen-atlas.html, last access, Biol. Lab. State Agency Environ, issue.6, 2015.

G. Candille and O. Talagrand, Evaluation of probabilistic prediction systems for a scalar variable, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.125, issue.609, pp.2131-2150, 2005.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.04.71

J. M. Corden, A. Stach, and W. Milligton, A comparison of Betula pollen season at two European sites, Aerobiologia (Bologna), pp.53-54, 1995.

A. Damialis and D. Gioulekas, Transport of airborne pollen into the city of Thessaloniki: the effects of wind direction, speed and persistence, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.48, issue.3, pp.139-145, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00484-004-0229-z

C. Efstathiou, S. Isukapalli, G. , and P. , A mechanistic modeling system for estimating large-scale emissions and transport of pollen and co-allergens, Atmospheric Environment, vol.45, issue.13, pp.2260-2276, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.008

H. Elbern, A. Strunk, H. Schmidt, T. , and O. , Emission rate and chemical state estimation by 4-dimensional variational inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.75194, pp.3749-376910, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/acpd-7-1725-2007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328512

G. Erdtman, POLLEN-STATISTICS: A NEW RESEARCH METHOD IN PALEO-ECOLOGY, Science, vol.73, issue.1893, pp.399-401, 1931.
DOI : 10.1126/science.73.1893.399

G. Erdtman, Pollen statistics: A botanical and geological research method, in: Pollen Grains, pp.110-125, 1935.

G. Erdtman, Pollen grains recovered from the atmosphere over the Atlantic, Medd, Göteborgs Bot. Trädgård, vol.12, pp.186-196, 1937.

C. Galán, M. Smith, M. Thibaudon, G. Frenguelli, J. Oteros et al., Pollen monitoring: minimum requirements and reproducibility of analysis, Aerobiologia, vol.52, issue.1, pp.385-395, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s00484-008-0174-3

M. Galperin, V: The Approaches to Correct Computation of Airborne Pollution Advection, in: Problems of Ecological Monitoring and Ecosystem Modelling, pp.54-68, 2000.

F. Giorgi and W. L. Chameides, Rainout lifetimes of highly soluble aerosols and gases as inferred from simulations with a general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, issue.D13, pp.14367-14376, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/JD089iD06p09475

P. H. Gregory, The microbiology of the atmosphere, 1961.

H. Hass, H. J. Jakobs, and M. Memmesheimer, Analysis of a regional model (EURAD) near surface gas concentration predictions using observations from networks, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.23, issue.1-4, pp.173-200, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01044160

L. M. Heinzerling, G. J. Burbach, G. Edenharter, C. Bachert, C. Bindslev-jensen et al.,

M. Sofiev, MACC regional multi-model ensemble simulations of birch pollen dispersion
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-01862555

S. Giavi, M. Gjomarkaj, C. Gramiccioni, T. Haahtela, M. L. Kowalski et al., GA2LEN skin test study I: GA 2 LEN harmonization of skin prick testing: novel sensitization patterns for inhalant allergens in Europe, Allergy, vol.64, pp.1498-1506, 2009.

N. Helbig, B. Vogel, H. Vogel, and F. Fiedler, Numerical modelling of pollen dispersion on the regional scale, Aerobiologia, vol.20, issue.1, pp.3-19, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:AERO.0000022984.51588.30

J. M. Hirst, AN AUTOMATIC VOLUMETRIC SPORE TRAP, Annals of Applied Biology, vol.37, issue.27, pp.257-265, 1954.
DOI : 10.1088/0950-7671/22/10/303

M. Hjelmroos, Long-distance transport ofBetula pollen grains and allergic symptoms, Aerobiologia, vol.30, issue.2, pp.231-236, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02071631

A. A. Holtslag and F. T. Nieuwstadt, Scaling the atmospheric boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.24, issue.No. 1, pp.201-209, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00117468

S. Jäger, P. Mandroli, F. Spieksma, J. Emberlin, M. Hjelmroos et al., , pp.69-70, 1995.

B. Josse, P. Simon, and V. Peuch, Radon global simulations with the multiscale chemistry and transport model MOCAGE, Tellus B, vol.64, issue.4, pp.339-356, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0102:TDSLTW>2.0.CO;2

R. Kouznetsov and M. Sofiev, A methodology for evaluation of vertical dispersion and dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.32, issue.11, pp.10-1029, 1202.
DOI : 10.1021/es9706458

J. Kukkonen, T. Olsson, D. M. Schultz, A. Baklanov, T. Klein et al., A review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-8710, 2012.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-12-1-2012

T. Laatikainen, L. Von-hertzen, J. Koskinen, M. J. Makela, P. Jousilahti et al., Allergy gap between Finnish and Russian Karelia on increase, Allergy, vol.43, issue.7, pp.886-892, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/02770900500499004

J. Langner, R. Bergström, and K. Pleijel, European scale modeling of sulphur, oxidized nitrogen and photochemical oxidants, Model dependent development av evaluation for the 1994 growing season, 1998.

M. Latalova, M. Mi?-etus, and A. Uruska, Seasonal variations in the atmospheric Betula pollen count in Gdañsk (southern Baltic coast) in relation to meteorological parameters, Aerobiologia, vol.18, issue.1, pp.33-43, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1014905611834

D. Lindgren, L. Paule, X. Shen, R. Yazdani, U. Segerstrom et al., Can viable pollen carry Scots pine genes over long distances?, Grana, vol.32, issue.1, pp.64-69, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(87)90029-6

T. Linkosalo, H. Ranta, A. Oksanen, P. Siljamo, A. Luomajoki et al., A double-threshold temperature sum model for predicting the flowering duration and relative intensity of Betula pendula and B. pubescens, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.150, issue.12, pp.1579-1584, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.08.007

J. Louis, A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.93, issue.2, pp.187-202, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00117978

A. Mahura, U. Korsholm, A. Baklanov, and A. Rasmussen, Elevated birch pollen episodes in Denmark: contributions from remote sources, Aerobiologia, vol.8, issue.6, pp.171-17910, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10453-007-9061-3

A. Mahura, A. Baklanov, and U. Korsholm, Parameterization of the birch pollen diurnal cycle, Aerobiologia, vol.50, issue.6, pp.203-208, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10453-009-9125-7

P. Mandrioli and P. V. Comtois, Methods in Aerobiology, Pitagora Editrice, 1998.

V. Marécal, V. Peuch, C. Andersson, S. Andersson, J. Arteta et al., and Ung, A.: A regional air quality forecasting system over Europe: the MACC-II daily ensemble production, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss, pp.2739-280610, 2015.

M. Martet, V. Peuch, B. B. Laurent, and G. Bergametti, Evaluation of long-range transport and deposition of desert dust with the CTM MOCAGE, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, vol.19, issue.26, pp.449-463, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90129-5

K. Masaka, Modelling the Masting Behaviour of Betula platyphylla var. japonica using the Resource Budget Model, Annals of Botany, vol.88, issue.6, pp.1049-1055, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/anbo.2001.1547

M. Memmesheimer, E. Friese, A. Ebel, H. J. Jakobs, H. Feldmann et al., Long-term simulations of particulate matter in Europe on different scales using sequential nesting of a regional model, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol.22, issue.1/2, pp.108-132, 2004.
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2004.005530

L. Menut, B. Bessagnet, D. Khvorostyanov, M. Beekmann, N. Blond et al., CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling, pp.981-102810, 2013.

, Series on harmonisation of regulatory oversight in biotechnology, OECD: Consensus document on the biology of European white birch, p.19, 2003.

A. Pauling, M. W. Rotach, R. Gehrig, and B. Clot, A method to derive vegetation distribution maps for pollen dispersion models using birch as an example, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.9, issue.5, pp.949-958, 2012.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-9-8661-2009

A. Petroff and L. Zhang, Development and validation of a size-resolved particle dry deposition scheme for application in aerosol transport models, Geosci. Model Dev, pp.753-76910, 2010.

S. Potempski and S. Galmarini, Est modus in rebus: analytical properties of multi-model ensembles, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.95194, issue.10, pp.9471-9489, 2009.

M. Prank, D. S. Chapman, J. M. Bullock, J. Belmonte, U. Berger et al., An operational model for forecasting ragweed pollen release and dispersion in Europe, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.182, issue.183, pp.182-183, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.08.003

H. Ranta and P. Satri, Synchronized inter???annual fluctuation of flowering intensity affects the exposure to allergenic tree pollen in North Europe, Grana, vol.22, issue.4, pp.274-284, 2007.
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.90.2.196

H. Ranta, A. Oksanen, T. Hokkanen, K. Bondesman, and S. Heino, Masting by Betula-species; applying the resource budget model to north European data sets, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.8, issue.Suppl, pp.146-151, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1978.tb00474.x

H. Ranta, T. Hokkanen, T. Linkosalo, L. Laukkanen, K. Bondesman et al., Male flowering of birch: Spatial synchronization, year-to-year variation and relation of catkin numbers and airborne pollen counts, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.255, issue.3-4, pp.643-650, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.040

H. Ranta, P. Siljamo, A. Oksanen, M. Sofiev, T. Linkosalo et al., Aerial and annual variation of birch pollen loads and a modelling system for simulating and forecasting pollen emissions and transport at an European scale, Aerobiol. Monogr, vol.1, pp.115-131, 2011.

A. Rantio-lehtimaki, Short, medium and long range transported airborne particles in viability and antigenicity analyses, Aerobiologia, vol.20, issue.2-3, pp.175-181, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/15298668791385174

G. S. Raynor, E. C. Ogden, H. , and J. V. , Dispersion and Deposition of Ragweed Pollen from Experimental Sources, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.9, issue.6, pp.885-895, 1970.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1970)009<0885:DADORP>2.0.CO;2

L. Robertson and J. Langner, An Eulerian Limited-Area Atmospheric Transport Model, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.38, issue.2, pp.190-210, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0190:AELAAT>2.0.CO;2

E. Rönmark, A. Bjerg, M. Perzanowski, T. Platts-mills, and B. Lundbäck, Major increase in allergic sensitization in school children from 1996 to 2006 in Northern Sweden, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.124, pp.1-19, 2009.

M. Schaap, R. M. Timmermans, M. Roemer, G. A. Boersen, P. J. Builtjes et al., The LOTOS EUROS model: description, validation and latest developments, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol.32, issue.2, pp.270-290, 2008.
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2008.017106

B. C. Scott, Parameterization of sulphate removal by precipitation, J. Appl. Meteorol, vol.17, pp.11275-11389, 1979.

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 1998.

P. Siljamo, M. Sofiev, E. Severova, H. Ranta, and S. Polevova, On influence of long-range transport of pollen grains onto pollinating seasons, in: Developments in Environmental Science Air Polution Modelling and Its Applications XVIII, pp.708-71610, 2006.

P. Siljamo, M. Sofiev, T. Linkosalo, H. Ranta, and J. And-kukkonen, Development and Applications of Biogenic Emission Term as a Basis of Long-Range Transport of Allergenic Pollen, pp.154-162, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-8453-9_17

P. Siljamo, M. Sofiev, H. Ranta, T. Linkosalo, E. Kubin et al., Representativeness of point-wise phenological Betula data collected in different parts of Europe, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.83, issue.4, pp.489-502, 2008.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.04.176

P. Siljamo, M. Sofiev, E. Severova, H. Ranta, J. Kukkonen et al., Sources, impact and exchange of early-spring birch pollen in the Moscow region and Finland, Aerobiologia, vol.6, issue.8, pp.211-23010, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/treephys/25.2.201

P. Siljamo, M. Sofiev, E. Filatova, L. Grewling, S. Jäger et al., A numerical model of birch pollen emission and dispersion in the atmosphere. Model evaluation and sensitivity analysis, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.52, issue.8, pp.125-136, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00484-008-0174-3

D. Simpson, H. Fagerli, J. E. Jonson, S. Tsyro, P. Wind et al., Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe, 2003.

D. Simpson, A. Benedictow, H. Berge, R. Bergström, L. D. Emberson et al., The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model ? technical description, pp.7825-786510, 2012.

C. A. Skjøth, J. Sommer, A. Stach, M. Smith, and J. Brandt, The long-range transport of birch (Betula) pollen from Poland and Germany causes significant pre-season concentrations in Denmark, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol.11, issue.8, pp.1204-1212, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1978.tb00474.x

C. A. Skjøth, J. Sommer, J. Brandt, M. Hvidberg, C. Geels et al., Copenhagen ??? a significant source of birch (Betula) pollen?, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.32, issue.6, pp.453-46210, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00457-3

C. A. Skjøth, M. Smith, J. Brandt, and J. And-emberlin, Are the birch trees in Southern England a source of Betula pollen for North London?, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.75-86, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00149-3

M. Smith, C. A. Skjøth, D. Myszkowska, A. Uruska, M. Puc et al., Long-range transport of Ambrosia pollen to Poland, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.148, issue.10, pp.1402-1411, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.04.005

M. Smith, S. Jäger, U. Berger, B. Sikoparija, M. Hallsdottir et al., Geographic and temporal variations in pollen exposure across Europe, Geographic and temporal variations in pollen exposure across Europe, pp.913-923, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/all.12341

M. Sofiev, Extended resistance analogy for construction of the vertical diffusion scheme for dispersion models, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.23, issue.15, pp.10-11, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4

M. Sofiev, MACC regional multi-model ensemble simulations of birch pollen dispersion Sofiev Allergenic pollen. A review of production, release, distribution and health impact, 2013.

M. Sofiev, P. Siljamo, H. Ranta, and A. Rantio-lehtimaki, Towards numerical forecasting of long-range air transport of birch pollen: theoretical considerations and a feasibility study, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.392-40210, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90297-K

M. Sofiev, P. Siljamo, I. Valkama, M. Ilvonen, and J. And-kukkonen, A dispersion modelling system SILAM and its evaluation against ETEX data, Atmospheric Environment, vol.40, issue.4, pp.674-685, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.069

M. Sofiev, M. V. Galperin, and E. Genikhovich, Construction and evaluation of Eulerian dynamic core for the air quality and emergency modeling system SILAM, in: NATO Science for Piece and Security Serties C: Environmental Security Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application, pp.699-701, 2008.

M. Sofiev, P. Siljamo, H. Ranta, and T. Linkosalo, A numerical model of birch pollen emission and dispersion in the atmosphere. Description of the emission module, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.45-5810, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00484-008-0174-3

M. Sofiev, P. Siljamo, H. Ranta, T. Linkosalo, S. Jaeger et al., From Russia to Iceland: an evaluation of a large-scale pollen and chemical air pollution episode during, Aerobiological Monographs, Towards a Comprehensive Vision, pp.95-113, 2006.

A. Stach, M. Smith, C. A. Skjøth, and J. Brandt, Examining Ambrosia pollen episodes at Pozna?? (Poland) using back-trajectory analysis, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.4, issue.5, pp.275-286, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00092-2

F. Tampieri, P. Mandrioli, and G. L. Puppi, Medium range transport of airborne pollen, Agricultural Meteorology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.9-20, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-1571(77)90023-1

A. Venkatram, Estimating the convective velocity scale for diffusion applications, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.102, issue.4, pp.447-452, 1978.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49710243212

L. Veriankait?-e, P. Siljamo, M. Sofiev, I. Sauliene, and J. And-kukkonen, Modelling analysis of source regions of long-range transported birch pollen that influences allergenic seasons in Lithuania, Aerobiologia, vol.52, issue.15, pp.47-6210, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001233

M. Viander and A. Koivikko, The seasonal symptoms of hyposensitized and untreated hay fever patients in relation to birch pollen counts: correlations with nasal sensitivity, prick tests and RAST, Clinical <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Experimental Allergy, vol.6, issue.4, pp.387-396, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-8707(42)90168-0

J. Vira and M. Sofiev, On variational data assimilation for estimating the model initial conditions and emission fluxes for short-term forecasting of SOx concentrations, Atmospheric Environment, vol.46, pp.318-328, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.066

H. Vogel, A. Pauling, and B. Vogel, Numerical simulation of birch pollen dispersion with an operational weather forecast system, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.271, issue.3, pp.805-814, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_6

C. J. Walcek and N. M. Aleksic, A simple but accurate mass conservative, peak-preserving, mixing ratio bounded advection algorithm with FORTRAN code, Atmospheric Environment, vol.32, issue.22, pp.3863-388010, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00099-5

, WHO: Phenology and human health: allergic disorders, 2003.

D. L. Williamson and P. Rasch, Two-Dimensional Semi-Lagrangian Transport with Shape-Preserving Interpolation, Monthly Weather Review, vol.117, issue.1, pp.102-129, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0102:TDSLTW>2.0.CO;2

J. W. Wright, Pollen dispersion of some forest trees., Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1952.

J. W. Wright, Pollen dispersion studies: Some practical applications, J. Forestry, pp.114-118, 1953.

E. Yli-panula, D. B. Fekedulegn, B. J. Green, R. , and H. , Analysis of Airborne Betula Pollen in Finland; a 31-Year Perspective, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.6, issue.6, pp.1706-1723, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00289.x

L. Zhang, S. Gong, J. Padro, B. , and L. , A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmospheric Environment, vol.35, issue.3, pp.549-560, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00326-5

K. Zink, A. Pauling, M. W. Rotach, H. Vogel, P. Kaufmann et al., EMPOL 1.0: a new parameterization of pollen emission in numerical weather prediction models, Geosci. Model Dev, pp.1961-197510, 1961.